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Both force and distance are needed before work gets done. Energy is the capacity to do work. Or the ability to employ a force that moves something through a distance. Or performs some exact electrical, thermal, chemical, or whatever equivalent to mechanical work.

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Pengantar 2. Tujuan dan Outcome 3. Lingkup Kuliah 4. In ebr ar a memorand m of nderstandin as si ned b the Governor of TT the B patis of the fo r mba kabupaten and ivos to ork to ether on the reali ation of the Iconic Island ob ective n the basis of this these local overnments and other stakeholders no ointl plan and coordinate their pro rams and pro ects took the lead in developin a comprehensive pro ram road map and desi ned a taskforce str ct re ivos has cond cted several st dies on the feasibilit of movin to rene able ener s ppl to mba incl din st dies on off rid and rid electricit s ppl and biof el prod ction.

At a national seminar or ani ed b and ivos in ebr ar ass med f ll responsibilit for mba Iconic Island ob ectives and the implementation of the oad ap The initiative has evolved into a m lti stakeholder ndertakin led b the Directorate General of e and ene able ner and ner onservation ithin the inistr of ner and ineral eso rces in partnership ith ivos the provincial overnment of sa Ten ara Tim r the fo r districts of mba2 collectivel referred to henceforth as emda mba from Pemerintah Daerah Sumba the tate lectricit ompan the Indonesian national tilit other overnment ministries and non overnment or ani ations the private sector and development partners incl din the Asian Development Bank the Government of or a A ence ran aise de D veloppement A D and Danida The illenni m hallen e Acco nt Indonesia is also f ndin activities that s pport the Iconic Island vision.

The pro ram and involvement of stakeholders is formali ed thro h a decree iss ed ann all b the Directorate General of e and ene able ner and ner onservation and more recentl b the inister of ner and ineral eso rces This decree desi nates the composition and roles of the members of the II task force The most recent decree has been iss ed as Decree of the inister of ner and ineral eso rces o 55 3 D dated 2 A st Activities cond cted d rin the 2 5 ears of the TA follo ed the tasks o tlined at the Inception orkshop hibit 1 1 identifies the reports iss ed over the co rse of the TA that cover the activit flo presented at the Inception orkshop These reports can be do nloaded from s mbaiconicisland or In addition a ebGI as created sho in c rrent ener reso rces and infrastr ct re on mba as ell as options for f t re development This ebGI can be accessed at http castlerockasia com s mba sii html.

E ibit : Report o erage o ro ect Acti ities. InceptionReport Task1. These pro ects ere presented at an Investor or m cond cted on 15 December at the ermita e otel akarta The event as attended b more than private investors state o ned enterprises and overnment co nterparts from both central and re ional overnments hapter 5 contains the presentations from the event. Biomasscharacteristics LamtoroGung Identifiedapotentiallocalcompanyorcommunitywhichcanoperateandmaintainthe plantinthelongterm TheobjectivesofthepreFSistomakeafirst evaluationwithrespecttoeconomicallyviable,sustainableandrecommendabletobuildabiomass powerplantinSumbaIslandwithbiomasssuppliedfromaplantationforest.

ThepreFSstudyincludedanassessmentof: Marketconsiderationsfortheproductandthebiomassfeedstock Theavailablesupplyofbiomassfeedstock Organizationalstructurefordevelopmentandoperationofabiomassplant Plantsize,location,andtechnologytobeused Environmentalandeconomicconsiderations Projectedfinancialoutcomes. Being designed as an Iconic Island for utilizing renewable energy for electricity generation, Sumba Island posesses several renewable energy resources potential such as hydro, biomass, wind and solar.

However, its availability has made it unattractive for power plantfeedstockduetotheseasonalvariationandclimateoftheIslandaswellasconstraintforrice huskcollection. Otherresiduesfromcassava,coconut,candlenutandcorncob are constrained by its availability and collection method, thereby they are not considered as potentialfuelforelectricitygeneration.

Theproductionofbiomassinfastgrowing,shortrotationtreeplantations,isconsideredanoptionto meetthetargetsoftheSumbaiconicisland. Toreleasethepressureondependenceonfossilfuel, theonlywaytoincreasebiomassproductiononthelongtermisthroughtheestablishmentoffast growingtreeplantations. TheutilizationofsuchbiomassresourcewouldcontributetotheprogramofSumbaasthe IconicIsland,wherepowergenerationshallbedevelopedfromrenewableenergy.

ItisrecommendedtofurtherconsidergasificationtechnologyforpowergenerationfromLamtoro Gungbiomassutilizinggasengineforgeneratingelectricityfromsyngas. The study presents information on estimation of biomass fuel availability and costs, power generationcapacitybasedongasificationtechnology. The financial summary shows that the project is financially feasible for a Biomass Gasification generating1MWelectricityforgridtobebuiltononeofthefouridentifiedpotentialprojectsites exceptSite1,wherethemostimportantandsensitivefactoristheelectricitysellingtariffthatwas.

Site4isthemostfavourable one in the financial sense as it has the shortest connection with the grid. The development will provideeconomicbenefittothelocalcommunitiesaswellaspeopleoftheSumbaIsland. The interest in converting biomass to electricity comes not only from its potential as a lowcost, indigenous supply of power, but for its potential environmental and developmental benefits. For example,biomassmaybeagloballyimportantmitigationoptiontoreducetherateofCO2buildup bysequesteringcarbonandbydisplacingfossilfuels.

Renewablygrownbiomasscontributesonlya verysmallamountofcarbontotheatmosphere. Locally,plantationscanlessensoilerosion,provide a means to restore degraded lands, offset emissions and local impacts from fossilfired power generation e.

Inadditiontothedirectpowerandenvironmentalbenefits,biomass energysystemsoffernumerousotherbenefits. Someofthesebenefitsincludetheemploymentof underutilizedlabourandtheproductionofcoandbyproducts e.

Issues Plantation establishment is a critical phase of a biomass energy project, since the timing of wood supplymustbecoordinatedwiththeconstructionofacomplexandexpensivepowerplant. Mistakes or miscalculations at any one of many stages can result in expensive delays in power generation.

Issues that must be addressed include: site preparation, seedling or cutting supply and quality, availability of required soil microorganisms, nursery operation, spacing of plantings, fertilization, watering, weed control, road construction, protection of nursery stock and plantings from insect pests,disease,animals,humans,fire,andotherthreats.

Biomass is an organic matter sourced originally from plants, produced through photosynthesis, and is not convertedintofossil likecoal. Biomasscontainsstoredchemicalenergytobeconvertedintoheat, electricity,andtransportationfuel,orevenasfeedstockforbiomassbasedproducts. One of many biomass benefits is that this energy source is renewable in characteristic. Biomass sources include woods, agricultural residues, dedicated crops, plantation wastes, and solid waste suchasmunicipalsolidwaste.

Amongadvantagesoftheutilizationofbiomassasenergybesidesits renewablefuelsourcearehelpingtoreducefossilfueldependencyandreducingGreenhouseGases emissions. Theneedtotoreplacefossilfuelswithrenewablebiomassfuel particularlyfueloil inIndonesiais becomingimportantlatelyconsideringlimitedfossilfuelresources,increasingfossilfuelprice,and especially on the countrys energy security concern and global warming issue.

The government of Indonesia has commited to replace fossil fuel oil with renewable one, biofuel produced from biomass. The developmentandutilizationofbiomassasenergysourceisinlinewiththeimplementationactivity ofthedevelopmentprogramofSumbaIslandasrenewableenergyIco. BasedonidentificationcarriedoutonthisIsland,biomassenergy fromenergyplantation isoneof proposed potential renewable energy sources to contribute to the program. By , biomass energyistargetedtocontributetoacapacityof10MWinelectricitygeneration.

Inordertoachieve thistarget,asecureandsustainablebiomasssupplyofrequiredfeedstockmustbedevelopedand established. BearinginmindtothelowbiomasspotentialfromagriculturalandplantationwastesintheIsland, only biomass from energy plantation could provide enough biomass for energy generation to contribute to the fulfillment of energy demand in Sumba Island. The development of a plantation devoted to an energy generation would offer enough biomass and at the same time securing sufficient feedstock for supplying to biomass power generation in Sumba.

One of steps of the utilizationofbiomassenergyforelectricitygenerationisperformingaPreFeasibilityStudy. Thedevelopmentoftheplantwillsupporttheincreaseinelectrificationratio andrenewableelectricitygenerationontheIslandofSumba. Objective The key objective of this Prefeasibility study is to make a first evaluation with respect to economically viable, sustainable and recommendable to build a biomass power plant in Sumba Islandwithbiomasssuppliedfromaplantationforest.

Attheendofthispreparationofthisstudy,optionsfordevelopingofsuchbiomasspowerplantshall bepresentedasinputstostakeholdersindeterminingenergygenerationfromrenewableenergyin thisIsland.

Background Sumba Islandhasbeenselectedasan Iconic Island whererenewablesources aretobedeveloped andusedforfulfillingenergydemandintheIsland,therebysubstitutesfossilfueldependency. Through the development, the share of renewable energy for electricity generationcouldgraduallyincreaseandfinallysubstitutetheuseoffossilfuel. Among renewable sources existed in the Island, biomass from energy plantation is potentially developedforfuelasthesourceofbiomassplantiseaslyfoundandgrowintheIsland,considering the climate of the area and its soil type.

The option for energy plantation is considered desirable sincethebiomassusedforpowergenerationdoesnotjeopardiselocalfoodsecurityand provides benefitsforlocalpopulation,particularlytoeconomicdevelopment.

A continue supply of biomass for power plant is required for maintaining a continue electricity generation. This means that biomass supply security must be considered prior to developing a biomasspowerplant. ProjectCharacteristics EarlystudyofSumbaIslandhasshowedthatthisIslandhasrelativelysignificantbiomasspotential fromfoodcropsresidues. However,itsavailabilityisscatteredinmanyareasmakingitimpractical and inefficient financially not feasible for using as fuel.

Other potential biomass sources for fuel fromthisareaisbiomassfromforestplantationthatisespeciallygrownforbeingusedforenergy generationorcommonlyusedtermasenergyplantation. Easy grown plant type with high productivity is required for an energy plantation development.

Leucana Leucochephala Lamtoro Gung has been identified from the study initial site survey to growinmanyareasinthisIslandwhichis covered majoritywitharidland. Therefore,this plantis selectedandarecommendedbiomasstypeforanenergyplantation. However,since the biomass for the power generation will be sourced from an energy plantation that is to be managedbyathirdparty,suchcompetitioncouldbeminimized.

Moreover,itwouldreducebiomass pricefluctuationasthebiomasswillbeobtainedfromapredeterminedagreementwiththethird partyasthebiomassproducer. Other issue to be considered is the location of biomass source from biomass power plant project site. A reasonable distance of biomass source is required for an acceptable transport price and a feasibleproject.

Biomassforenergy generationhasbeenwidelydevelopedaroundtheworldwithcapacityproject rangevariesfromlowerthankWtooverMW. Agridconnectedbiomasspowerprojectsare generally above 5 MW, while off grid projects are typically kW. Mostaresmall,rangingfromkWto1MW,and useawidevarietyoffeedstocks,includingagriculturalwaste,humanandanimalwaste,andJuliflora, acommonlegumewoodyweed. Woody biomass has been developed for power generation for more than MW using either combustion or gasification technologies.

Capacity factors assumed to be in the range of The selection for a grid or nongrid connection depends basically on local electricity supply and demand.

A biomass offgrid project is financially feasible if its electricity generation cost is lower. Meanwhile, a gridconnected biomass power plant will be financiallyfeasibleifitcouldgetbenefitfromgridstariff.

The selection of the Island as the iconic one was based on an early assessment conducted by HIVOS which indicated that the Island had abundant new and renewableenergypotential. Local government regulation of Sumba Timur Regency No 12 of on the Spatial Planning of Sumba Timur Regecy year contains spatial planning structure of Sumba Timur regency which includes the development of energy sources and transmissions systems. This regulation has also set about spatial planning strategy on increasing capacity and electricity service through development of renewable energy PLTA and PLTM , performing assessment and development of interconnection systems of interregional regencies inSumbaIsland.

Other strategy is by increasing electricity capacity and service through an interconnection system with other regencies in Sumba Island. Althoughthedevelopmentofbiomassasoneofrenewableenergysourcehasnotbeenspecifically mentionedinbothlocalgovernmentregulations,thedevelopmentofbiomasspowerplantincluded in the Iconic Island program would certainly in consistence with the development of renewable energyofSumbaTimurandSumbaTengahgovernments. Thecompanyshall usepotentialnaturalresourcessuchaswater,solar,windandbiomassa.

According to MEMR, the government has been continuing to develop distributed electricity generationinlikedistributedsolarpowerplants,windpowerplant,hydropowerplants,1MW biomasspowerplantinSumbaBaratDayaanddistributedBiogas. The peak loadfromtheIslandisapproximately Theoperationofthisplantwillcontributetothe achievementprogramofSumbaasIconicIsland.

ExpectedprojectImpactandfuelsustainability Inanefforttohelpstakeholdersinthedecisionmakingprocess,thissection subsection explores theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofproducingandutilizingwoodybiomassasfeedstockforpower generation. The followings are expected positive impacts and possibly negative impacts on local community, economyandenvironment:. Localcommunitywouldbenefitfromincreasingthereliabilityoravailability ofelectricity. Biomassutilizationwouldcreateandretentlocaljobsinruraleconomies ItisestimatedthatdirectemploymentforabiomasspowerplantisfivetosixpersonperMW installed capacity.

Moreover, biomasscontainsminimalsulphur,therebyavoidingSO2emissionswhichcouldcauseacidrain. Introducing biomass for energy plantation would help avoiding of land degradation such as erosionandbecomingdesert desertification. Once a site is chosen, the next key to the success of the energy plantation is the selection of genetically superior tree species, varieties or clones suitable for the climate, soils, and desired productsoftheenergyplantationplantation. Mostspeciesachievetheirbestgrowthunderafairly narrowrangeofclimateandsoilconditions,andfailuretomatchspeciestositehasbeenthecause of the failure of many plantation projects.

Even within a species that is suited to a particular site, therecanbegreatvariationinthegrowthandwoodcharacteristicsfromdifferentseedsourcesor regionswithinthespeciesrange. Thelargest,cheapest,andfastestgainsinmosttreeimprovement programscanbemadebyassuringtheuseoftheproperspeciesandseedsourceswithinspecies. Key to producing lowcost biomass is the land base and the quality of sites, which determine to a significant extent the degree of site preparation necessary; the choice of species, spacings and cutting cycles; required cultural management and soil amendments fertilization, weed control, animalcontrol,andpestmanagement ;andfueltransportandlogistics.

Its woody character has several advantages over agricultural wastes particularly in harvesting and storage. Such wastes would generally require short time frame for harvesting and pretreatmentbeforestoragecouldbedoneforprovidingyearroundbiomasssupply.

Itisatropicalspecieswhichgrowswellinareaswithannualrainfallrangingof mmandbestinwarmtemperaturesareas Cdaytemperatures andataltitudeofbelow m. This species tolerates to dry climates mm and to long drought periods of up to 67 months. In the combustion process, energy content, moisture content and chemical composition are the mostimportantbiomasscharacteristicsaffectingcombustionprocesses. This plant is preferred for wood fuel, and would be the primary candidate for any biomass fuel plantation in Sumba.

The species does best on calcareous soils12, such as those found on Sumba Island. BiomassproductioninSumbaIsland A gridconnected Lamtoro Gung wood fuelled power plant design would need to consider wood sources,woodavailability,locationofpowerplant,andtechnicalcharacteristicsoftheplantutilizing adoptedbiomassasfuel. Thus the knowledge base for establishing plantations in Indonesia is readilyavailableinadditiontothepromisingresultsofpreviousstudiesontheisland. Itneedsminimummm rainfall.

This information has been obtained from a report providedbytheIndonesianCentralBureau. SumbaTimurregency SumbaTimurregencyhastypicallyasemiaridclimate. Theaveragetemperatureinthisregencyin reached The highestaverageprecipitationwasinMarch,whilefromJunethroughOctobertherewasnorainfall at all.

SumbaTengahregency This regency is also known to have a semi arid climate. Dry season occurs from the month June throughSeptember,whilerainyseasonoccursnormallyfromDecemberthroughMarch.

Transition periodsoccurinmonthsAprilMayandOctoberNovember. Thus,8monthsinayearisrelativelydry inthisregency. Ananalysisbasedona30yearsclimatedataseries ontemperatureandrainfallshowed that the mean monthly temperature in Nusa Tenggara Timur and the monthly rainfall tend to increaseintherangeof0. Fromtheclimatecharacteristicinallregenciesdescribedabove,itwasconcludedthatLamtoroGung couldbasicallygrowthroughouttheIsland.

Theplantwasfoundtogrowinthesearea,asobserved fromthesitesurvey. Inorderto secureasupplyofthewood,LamtoroGungplantationshouldbeconsideredratherthancollectingit fromlocalareasthatgrowwildlyorareownedbyfarmers. BasedonthesitesurveyanddiscussionswiththelocalgovernmentofSumba Pemda andForestry Service, Sumba Tengah, Sumba timur, and Sumba Barat were found to be potential areas for Lamtoro Gung energy plantation. It was confirmed that there are available land areas in Sumba Timur, Sumba Tengah and Sumba Barat regencies for energy plantation.

Two locations were identifiedinSumbaTimur36,haand19,ha,onelocationinSumbaTengah 6,ha ,and onelocationinSumbaBarat 5,ha. Dariaspekklimatologi,KabupatenSumbaBaratdipengaruhiolehiklimmusondengan ratarata musim hujan dari 1. Curah hujan ini sudah dipengaruhiolehkondisihidrologidiKabupatenSumbaBarat. The Waikabubak system is supplied by generation mix consisting of diesel,hydro,andsolarpowerplantswithatotalinstalledcapacityof9. Ready to develop renewable energy in Sumba Island includes hydro potential The development of 1 MW biomass power plant in Waingapu seemstobechangedtoalatertimeinRUPTL,whichstatesthattheplantisallocatedto be commercial by However, this development is likely toexperience barrier so that it could notberealizedasexpected.

ExistingtransmissionlineinSumbaIslandissystemWaingapu,systemWaikabubakWaitabula,and systemisolatedsuppliedbya20kVfeederfrom PLN has started a program for the interconnection of the East and West systems via connection throughthenorthernandcentralroutes. Biomass power plant to be developed could provide electricity to local community or be sent to PLNsgridwhenlocaldemandisalreadyfulfilled.

Marketoptionsforbyproducts ExcessHeat:Anyexcessheatfromthepowerplantcouldbeutilizedforbiomassdryingduringpre processing.

FlyAsh Ash generated from biomass power plant could be used for fertilizer. However, this would need furtherconsiderationtodetermineitspotentialmarket. Theashandwasteproductsfromburningor gasificationwill,inmostcases,besufficientlybenigntoreturntothesoil.

Itisalso very valuable to have sitespecific research data on the yields that can be expected from the preferredspecies. The sitesforenergyplantationintheseregionsareownedbylocalgovernments. Table 4. The climate of this area would still be suitable for Lamtoro Gung energy plantation as it is locatedinnorthernpartofSumbaTimurhavinggenerallyarangeannualprecipitationof mmandanaltitudeoflessthanmasl.

Asin other proposed sites, Lamtoro Gung is expected to grow well in this area where dry season could reachupto8months. Theproposedsitealsocoversprotectionforestwhichcould beusedforenergyplantation.

No data of number of rainfall and number of rainy days in Umbu ratu Nggay Subdistrict also in SumbaTengahregency ,becauseinstrumentisnotyetavailable. SumbaTengahRegency hasonly twoseasons,dryseasonandrainyseason. OnJunetoSeptemberthewindflowwhichcontainslittle moisture,causedthedryseason. Onthecontrary,onDecembertoMarchthewindflowcontainsa greatdealofmoisture,causedtherainyseason. Thisconditionchangesandturnforahalfofyear, after passing, the transitional period on AprilMay and OctoberNovember.

Nevertheless, since SumbaTengahasnotsofarfromAustralia,thegreatdealofmoistureofwindflowcomesfromAsia andPasificOcean,hasreduceafterreachingSumbaTengaharea. AnditmakesSumbaTengahhas thedryareawhichisrelativelywetin4months JanuaryuntilAprilandDecember andtherestof8 monthsisdry. PlantationofLamtoroGunginthisareais expectedtoresultgoodquantityofwoodfordevelopingabiomasspowerplantinthisIsland. Asnotedinthetableabove,potentialareasfortheplantationsarelocatedinprotectedforestand productionforest.

However,theIndonesianforestrylawsandregulationsallowtheuseofProtected Forests Hutan Lindung and Production Forests Hutan Produksi for uses like forest energy plantations. TheprocessofusingProtectedandProductionforestsforthesepurposesisthroughapplicationto theMinistryofForestry. Anadditionalconversion of 2, ha from the protected forest at this Candidate location to community forest is being proposedbytheForestryOfficeofSumbaTimurtotheMinistryofForestry.

Anareaof4,isplannedforplantingofplanttypessuchaseucalyptus,turi,gamal, lamtoro shorttermplant ,andalsojati longtermplant.

Minister of Forestry Regulation P. Article 1 Utilizationofprotectedforestinformofareautilization,environmental serviceutilizationandcollectionofnontimberforestproduce. Article 1 Useofforestareauseintheinterestofdevelopmentbeyondforestry activitiescanonlybemadeinproductionforestareaandprotectedforestarea 25 ProtectedForestsandProductionForestscanbeusedforindustrialorcommercialtimberplantations,communityforest plantations or ecosystem services and nonforestry activities such as renewable energy, rightofway for electricity grid lines,etc.

RKUPHHKispreparedasaworkingplanforallworkingareaofIUPHHKforaperiodof 10 years, which must consider long term management plan KPH and should include among other forest sustainability aspect, business sustainability, environmental balance and social economy developmentoflocalcommunity. Inareaof4,hainSubdistrictLamboyawaslaterincludedasoneofcandidatesitesforenergy plantationinthisreport. Project site selectionisvitalinordertomakecapitalinvestmentaseffectiveaspossibleandtoobtainmaximum results.

Followingaremajorcriteriaforregionsuitabilityforelectrificationusingthebiomasspowersystem: a. StrongGovernmentprioritiesforregionalandcommunitydevelopment b. Localtransmissionlineinfrastructure locationrelativetotheexistinggrid d. An onsite survey was conducted based on the above criteria in conjunction with officials from relevantlocalgovernment,asaresultofwhichfourcandidatesiteswerechosen.

Larger power plant capacity will require more plantationarea. Unlikededicatedenergycrops,theadvantageofwoodybiomassforpowergenerationfuelisthatit doesnothavecriticalharvesttime. DesadesatersebutsaatiniberadadalamwilayahkecamatanKahaunguEtisebagaiKecamatanbaruyangmekardariKecamatan Paberiwai. Biomasssupplychain Thissectionwillprovidefeedstocksupplyprocesstobiomasspowerplantwhichwillincludethe following: 1.

Feedstocksupply 2. Managementpracticestoproduceforestbiomass 3. Harvestingsystem 4. Biomasssupplychainconsideredinthisreportincludesharvesting,transportation,storage,handling andfuelpreparationforpowerplant. As noted earlier in section 5. The provision of this fuel must be well planed and timely executedforacontinuedoperationofthepowerplant. BiomassfuelistobesourcedfromLamtoroGungplantationswhichareassumedtobemanagedby an authorized party appointed by government. The party shall facilitate and participate and coordinate in biomass supply chain.

It is also assumed that the party will also be responsible in biomass preparation wood harvesting and pretreatment. PT Usaha Tani Lestari has indicated willingnesstoestablishandcoordinatethewoodybiomasssupplychain. Lamtoro Gung is ready for harvesting after months consider as dedicated short rotation woodycrops SRWCs.

Lamtoroareprunedduringharvestingseasonandthe prunings branch areusedasamulchandNsource. The harvested log woods are processed into wood chips with size range of mm to suit to feedstocksizeforgasificationaftertransportedtobiomasspowerplantsite. Itisestimated10 workersareneededfor1MWplant,withworkersforfuelsupply. Thetreesarecuttolengthorleftwholeandareforwarded withgrappleloadersformovingtoalandingareafromwhichareloadedontotrucksfortransporting toapretreatmentfacility.

Incasethatexcessoflaborinthesurroundingplantationareaexistswith low wage rates and costly fuel, felling and forwarding could be performed manually. To be conservative,itisassumed,basedonseveralharvestratesfromreference,thataharvestrateof0.

But,thisvaluecouldbedifferentfromthe realplantationlateronatthecandidatesitesduetolocalsiteconditionssuchasplantationdensity, treesize,forwardingdistances,climate,season,topography.

For a combustion technology the quality of wood chips requires less than for a gasification technology. Inthegasification technology, wood fuel requires specific moisture content and size and sometimes also preferred feedstocke.

Therefore,additionaldrying,milling, chippingandscreeningareusedaspretreatments. The pretreatments of Lamtoro Gung wood to achieve the specification are drying, chippingandscreening. For a conversion system requires small sizes of wood as feedstock, the harvested wood can be chipped soon after harvesting. Instead,felledtreescanbestoredin whole form for storage and drying, thereby reduces decomposition losses.

Generally, it is known thatdrierwoodismoredifficulttochipandtoensureuniformsize. Moreover, high moisture content would reduce transportation efficiency and storage time durability. Transportation Transportation costs are the costs for transporting biomass from the forest landing to the power generationplant. Thetotalnumberoftripsrequiredtotransportwoodybiomassisestimatedfromthetotalamount of woody biomass available in candidate sites, biomass density, and the freight of truck arrangement.

This could anticipate seasonal variation in SumbaIslandwheredryseasonoccurnormallyfor8months fromApriltoNovember. Wood chips biomass could be stored outdoor in open area in piles. After field drying, outdoor storedwoodwouldbeexpectedtoonlyslightlyincreaseinmoisturecontentfromprecipitation. Thefollowingsaretobeconsideredindesigningfuelstoragefacilities,whichinclude: storageareawhichisclosetotheselectedconversionsystem boilerorgasifier ,characteristicsof wood fuel to be stored, additional feedstock preparation requirements, backup storage capacity, seasonalweathervariation,andoperationalrequirementsoftheselectedconversiontechnology.

A fuel feeding system would transfer wood from storage facility to a selected conversion system. WoodybiomassfromLamtoroGungplantationsisassumedtobepurchasedfromathirdpartythat isappointedbylocalgovernmentwhichisalsoresponsibleforthemanagementoftheplantations andharvesting. Stumpage,forestoperationalcostsandbiomasstransportationcostsare the costs thatdetermineddeliveredcost. To mitigate this potential problem, a just-in-time delivery system is used so that chips are seldom stored longer than 15 days and the pile height is held under 30 ft Springer ; McDonald and Twaddle Costcomponentofrevolvingloanfundasworkingcapital A.

Foodcropcost inaagroforestrypattern Ha 1,, TotalD 1,, E. Twooptionsareconsideredforwoodsupplyfromasupplier: Wooddeliveredtostoragefacilityintheformofwoodlog Inthis case,thepower plantinvestmentshouldincludefuelpretreatmentsfacility drying, chipping,andscreening.

Wooddeliveredtostoragefacilityintheformofwoodchip Thewoodchipwouldbedeliveredfromaselectedsuppliertodeliverwoodchipeitherby the tons, volume or energy content, depending on what is stated in an agreement of fuel supply. The supplier must provide wood chips according to the specification required for the selected technology.

Consistencyinsizeandmoisturecontentaswellasacontinueamountofsupplyis priority. Therefore, fuel quality control is highly necessary for smooth operation of the power plant. Aqualityassurancefromthesuppliershouldbeputintheagreementtoreducetroubles inoperatingthepowerplant. Biomass process would improve the characteristics of biomass as a fuel. The processes mainly involve the reduction of moisture content and improving characteristics of biomass.

The energy content of biomass is utilized through one of following three processes: physical, biological and thermochemical, of which biological and thermochemical are outside the scope of this pre feasibility. Physicalprocesses It is aimed at modification of the biomass feedstock to improve its fuel characteristics. Some methodsaregivenbelow:.

Particlesizereduction: Biomasssizemodificationthroughchippingandfabricationintopelletsfacilitateseasystorage andtransportation. Thisalsohelpsinachievingfuelcharacteristicsrequiredforcombustionor gasificationtechnology. Separation Screening : Separationprocesswouldberequired toscreenparticlesizeofbeyondthestandardforthe technologyadopted.

Drying: Drying process would include vaporisation of all or part of the water in the feedstock. Solar drying is one of the cheapest methods. Reduction of water content shall reduce energy consumption. Binding agentssuchasthermoplasticresinscanbeusedformanufacturingpellets. Supplementarybiomass There is no supplementary biomass is considered for the proposed biomass power plant. The biomassusedasfuelisonlyfromLamtoroGungwood. Biomassrisksmitigation Table5. Biomassrisksmitigationtobeconsidered Risks Mitigation Seasonal variation Feedstocksecurityofsupply Itisanticipatedthroughproviding climate Weather and seasonal variations alargebiomassbufferstocks.

Thiscouldanticipate seasonalvariationinSumbaIsland where dry season occur normally for 8 months. Wood can be harvested and stockpiled outdoors to warrant a continue fuel supply during monsoon or when harvesting activity is impossible. Disease Woody biomass production is Energy plantation that is largely prone to plant disease which may depending on the production of loweritsproduction.

 
 

 

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It is associated with a long-term of energy supply sustainability and efforts to increase energy security. Among renewable sources existed in the Island, biomass from energy plantation is potentially developedforfuelasthesourceofbiomassplantiseaslyfoundandgrowintheIsland,considering the climate http://replace.me/21650.txt the area and its soil type. InceptionReport Task1.

 
 

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BasedonthesitesurveyanddiscussionswiththelocalgovernmentofSumba Pemda andForestry Service, Sumba Tengah, Sumba timur, and Sumba Barat were found to be potential areas for Lamtoro Gung energy plantation. Komoditas utama Jagung, kemiri, siri, pinang, padi ladang, padi sawah, ubi kayu dan Peternak. Sistem minyak dan gas bumi b. Thank you so much! How do I stop FireFox from discreetly installing updates, which removes the bookmarks and seetings? Penurunan tegangan melewati R4 c. TheresultedIRRisthencomparedwith theexpectedrateofreturnonequityinvestmenttodeterminetheprojectsfinancialviability.